Fredrick W Taylor Essay

Frederick W Taylor was one who drove an existence of sincere improvement in the creation and assembling parts. His life was one the scorned on time study and one that best in class America and the world in logical administration. Taylor was conceived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1856. He carried on with a memorable and honorable life for a long time and one day kicking the bucket on March 21, 1915. All through his lifetime he was an incredible designer with more than 40 licenses and a splendid architect (Britannica). In his initial years Taylor was continually learning and making. At age 12, Taylor made an outfit that would hold him on his back to attempt to forestall bad dreams (www.stfrancis.edu). In 1872 he went to the Philips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire. Here he drove his class academically. After his culmination of studies at Philips Taylor began filling in as a machine shop worker in a steel plant named Midvale Steel Company. Rapidly Taylor began to develop in position; he turned into a fruitful shop agent, mechanic, group chief, foreman, support foreman, head of drawing office, lastly boss architect. It is apparent to see that Taylor was a man of astuteness and drive, who never made due with anything short of the best. In 1881, at age 25 he presented time learn at the Midvale Plant. The task was an extraordinary achievement and therefore the calling of time study was begun. While working at Midvale, Taylor learned around evening time to get a degree in mechanical designing from Stevens Institute of Technology. As can be seen even since the beginning Taylor had achievements in new regions of study which scorned on his later life achievements. All through Taylor’s mid and late life he kept on progressing and spread his insight into time study. He resigned at age 45, after that he, his better half and their three received kids lived in Philadelphia from 1904 to 1914. He kept on committing cash and time to advance the principals of logical administration through talks at colleges and expert social orders (Britannica). In 1906 Taylor was chosen the leader of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and that equivalent year was he was granted a privileged specialist of science qualification by the University of Pennsylvania (Britannica). Taylor was a man of master insight and foreknowledge and it is seen for an incredible duration as we just talked about yet these attributes essential sparkle when you take a gander at his hypothesis and achievements of time study. He understood that creation could be expanded by normalizing this arrangement of work (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Taylor’s time study hypothesis was that he would separate each occupation into explicit undertakings and planned to what extent it took a specialist to finish each errand (smallbusiness.chrono.com). At that point he determined precisely how each undertaking was to be performed and what apparatuses to utilize, at that point the laborers were prepared to finish the errand with a specific goal in mind (smallbusiness.chrono.com). He did this since he accepted that there was one and only one technique for work that augmented proficiency as he stated, â€Å"And this one best strategy and best usage must be found of created through logical examination and analysis.† (Vincenzo Sandrone). He demonstrated this hypothesis at the Bethlehem Steel Works where they had 500 men scooping coal. He played out his time and movement studies and discovered that utilizing an alternate scoop for various size coal that it expanded the sum you could scoop. So because of these two examinations men could scoop more coal for a more drawn out timeframe. Consequently he successfully diminished the quantity of men scooping coal to 140 (smallbusiness.chrono.com). This is the truth of his hypothesis and the outcomes represent themselves. Additionally, Taylor worked close by Henry Ford to make the primary sequential construction system (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Taylor likewise utilized his skill and applied it to moving pig iron. He expanded the sum moved from 12.5 tons per a day to 47.5 huge amounts of pig iron a day. This prompts another purpose of Taylor’s hypothesis and it was that he accepted that you needed to pick the correct individuals for the assignment. Relating the model just referenced, Taylor said that not all specialists were completely equipped for moving 47.5 huge amounts of pig iron per a day, maybe just 1/8 of the pig iron handlers could do that. This is on the grounds that their physical capacities were appropriate for moving pig iron. This is Taylor’s point, that laborers ought to be picked by how well they suit a specific activity. Taylor likewise had a persuasive hypothesis, called the monetary man (Business Studies). This was laborers were roused or supported by cash alone and the main factor that could animate additionally yield or work was the opportunity of gaining additional cash (Business Studies). Taylor consistently said that laborers ought to be paid a ‘fair day’s pay for a reasonable day’s work’ and that the compensation ought to be legitimately connected with yield (Business Studies). This prompts a further purpose of Taylor’s, and it is called ‘piece rate’. To empower this, laborers were pay by every unit that they created, and the primary unit were paid at a low rate and the more the specialist delivered that higher the compensation they got. He additionally accepted that motivating force compensation were of no utilization except if they were combined with proficient undertakings that were deliberately arranged and handily learned (www.stfrancis.edu). In this way is Taylor’s principle inspirational proposal; to connect pay with yield. Taylor likewise normalized the job of the executives. This included separating directors from activities and giving them greater power to set the errands laborers do (smallbusiness.chrono.com). Taylors’ mentalities toward laborers were loaded down with negative inclination â€Å"in most of cases this man intentionally plans to do as meager as he securely can.† The strategies that Taylor embraced were coordinated exclusively towards the uneducated (Vincenzo Sandrone). Taylor accepted that the mystery of profitability was finding the correct test for every individual, at that point paying him well for expanded yield (www.stfrancis.edu). He accepted that motivating force compensation were no arrangement except if they were joined with productive undertakings that were painstakingly arranged and effectively learned (www.stfrancis.edu). All through this entry it is obvious to perceive what a work Taylor achieved. He is the dad of logical administration and the person who rejected off time study. Taylor went through his entire time on earth expanding productivity in the work environment, working with making individuals and organizations, generally outstanding, Henry Ford. He and numerous others of his time like Henry Ford accomplished work that put the United States on the main edge during the Industrial Revolution. Book index 1. Frederick Winslow Taylor, Mary Ellen Papesh, www.stfrancis.edu/content/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/bbios/biograph/fwtaylor.htm 2. Britannica, Frederick W Taylor, www.britannica.com/EBchecked/point/584820/Fredrick-W-Taylor. 3. Herzberg and Taylor’s Theories of Motivation, Lisa Magloff, Demand Media, www.smallbusiness.chrono.com/herzberg-taylors-speculations inspiration 704.html 4. Frederick W Taylor: Master of Scientific Management, www.skymart.com/assets/pioneers/taylor/asp 5. Business Studies second release, Peter Stimpson and Alastair Farquharson, Cambridge University Press 2010

The Dark Room :: essays research papers

The Book:                    Name: The Dark Room                          Author: R. K. Narayan                          Number of Pages: 214                          Publisher: University of Chicago Press                          Date of Publication: January 1981 Classification:               Fiction Synopsis: In the peaceful town of Malgudi, in the 1930's, there lived Savitri and her significant other, Ramani. They lived with their three kids, Babu, Kamala, and Sumati. Savitri was raised with certain customary qualities that came into interior clash when she took Ramani, a cutting edge official, as her better half. Savitri has persevered through a great deal of mortifications from her sensitive spouse and she generally endures his numerous fits. To discover comfort and idealism, she takes shelter in 'the dim room', a smelly, dark, storeroom in the house. Yet, when Ramani takes on a wonderful new manager, Savitri discovers that her better half has in excess of an expert enthusiasm for the lady. Thus, from the start, she attempts to withdraw to her dull room. Yet, she understands that stowing away in there won't help. So she attempts to go out. She remained with a companion in another town. Be that as it may, in the wake of remaining there for quite a while, she can't resist the u rge to think about her better half and their kids. What might befall them? In the wake of doing a great deal of reasoning, she at last chooses to return home. At long last, Ramani has at last quit seeing Shanta Bai, the other lady, and I surmise you could state it's an upbeat completion. It's currently dependent upon you to proceed to figure the rest. Savitri is a lot of genuine. She is fundamentally very like a great many people. They treat issues that way. They discover approaches to get away from it. Like alcohol, drugs, self destruction, and so forth. In Servitor⠡â ¯s case, she remains in obscurity room, lastly, leaves her family. As I was perusing "The Dark Room⠡â ±, I felt empathy towards Savitri. I can unmistakably observe that she was a confounded lady. It was delineated through the initial segment of the story wherein her child was sick and she told Babu, her child, not to go to class that day. Be that as it may, Ramani interfered with them and said that Ba bu needs to go to class and that his disease is just a migraine. Savitri didn't have a clue what to do at that point. She was worried for Babu⠡â ¯s wellbeing, and yet, she would not like to contend with Ramani. At long last, Babu had headed out to class. With respect to Ramani, I wanted to yell at him while perusing the novel as a result of his harassing.

What to Look For in a College Research Paper Writing Service

What to Look For in a College Research Paper Writing ServiceWhen it comes to college research paper writing services, there are several different ones that you can choose from. It is important to choose a company that will provide quality services, but they must also be affordable and at the same time, have some degree of competency in this type of writing.One of the first things that a college research paper writing service should do is provide students with samples of their writing. Even if a student has worked with a certain writer before, it is still necessary for them to see what type of writing style they are capable of producing. After you have seen samples of their work, you will be able to get a better idea of the writing style that you want your own paper to have.Another very important aspect of choosing a college research paper writing service is the fact that they should provide samples of some of their previous work. They should have taken up some projects for other coll ege students, and they should have given you an idea of what you will be dealing with. After you have gotten an idea of what it is that you are dealing with, you will be able to get a better idea of whether or not this type of writing is right for you. If you do not have samples to look at, then you may be spending a lot of money on a college research paper writing service that is not going to be able to help you.It is important for any college research paper writing service to provide a variety of samples that they can use. For instance, some writing companies might offer samples for writing an essay about your favorite sports team, while others might offer samples of writing about your thoughts on how the author thinks of your favorite celebrity. You should be able to get samples from any number of colleges, so you can get a good idea of what sort of writing style of the writing company is going to be providing for you.Another very important aspect of choosing a college research p aper writing service is that they should be able to handle your assignment in a way that will make it possible for you to have some control over the process. A writer might be able to complete your assignment quickly, but the real challenge comes in when the college research paper writing service cannot get your assignment to go according to plan. So, make sure that you know that your college research paper writing service will be able to give you a good amount of control over the project so that you can be happy with it as well as confident that it is going to be exactly what you need.There are many writing services out there that say that they can write papers fast, but the truth is that you may be spending a lot of money on these writers when in reality, they may not be able to write papers for you at all. Instead, it would be much more productive for you to find a college research paper writing service that is going to be able to give you a decent grade on your paper. This means that you want to find a writing service that provides college research papers that are at least above a B or even an A.The majority of college research paper writing services are going to be able to provide a good grade on your college research paper. However, you should take some time to actually read through some of the websites that they list. Make sure that you are working with a writing service that has good customer reviews, good testimonials, and strong references that were happy with the services they received from the writing service.Choosing a writing service can be quite tricky because there are so many to choose from. What you should keep in mind is that you want to find a college research paper writing service that will give you a fair grade and provide a quality service so that you can feel confident that your college research paper writing service will be right for you.

My Interest On Social Work - 1226 Words

My interest in social work began with taking a semester off of school during my undergraduate career. I was given the opportunity to live and work in Puerto Rico. This season away from classes allowed me time to contemplate a career and a major that would best fit my interests, values, and skills. I felt that social work was the only major that adequately reflected this. After returning to school to begin my social work classes, my interest in the field began to develop more fully. The following summer I was able to live and work in Costa Rica with Nicaraguan immigrant teenage girls living in extreme poverty. I began to understand how systems and cycles of poverty can affect the individual. I learned that these girls were not only†¦show more content†¦The field of social work helps to build stronger families, and my work and volunteer experiences have cultivated within me a growing interest in a social work career, specifically in working with children and families. The need for strong families and stable homes in which children can be raised is an issue that I believe deserves better resources and more public attention. It is a complex matter that has no easy solution, nor one single avenue by which it can be addressed. Social work as a profession should continue to address this issue in several ways. Providing additional resources to teenage mothers is a way in which this issue can be aided. Children of teenage mothers are born at a disadvantage because of the limited amount of services available to their mothers. Social workers can provide needed assistance to teen mothers such as counseling services, parenting classes, and further educational opportunities. The effects of this are twofold: when teen mothers are better equipped to take care of themselves, their capacity to appropriately care for their children is enhanced. In turn, they can raise their children in an environment that develops healthy adults. Social work as a profession can also seek to build stronger

Social Contract Theory In Thomas Hobbess The Leviathan

In light of political philosophy, and more specifically contract theory, there is one philosophy that is undoubtedly inferior to the rest. This happens to be Thomas Hobbes’s social contract theory as articulated in his book The Leviathan. There are many conceptual errors in Hobbes’s theory, but I will first present his theory and then highlight two major issues. The first issue being that his state of nature is irrationally portrayed and his assumptions of apolitical groups are inaccurate- as examples of successful government-free societies exist. This will then lead to the second issue which is that his requirements for his contract theory, tied to his theory as a whole, are not preferable. On these grounds, we will be able to reject†¦show more content†¦Thus, Hobbes draws the conclusion that individuals ought to form a group and enter a contract. This contract would deem the most powerful individual or group the Leviathan. Individuals would then give up right s to this Leviathan to achieve order and security among the group. The Leviathan is then given total authority; whatever the Leviathan wants is enforceable on the group. Hobbes believes this is preferable as now civilized society is possible, even though some rights may be given up. What we find first, though, is that his portrayal of the state of nature and subsequent state of war are both flawed. Hobbes attains a very negative outlook on human nature and the human condition. He claims that humans are essentially so self-interested that they could never achieve peaceful coexistence without being coerced into doing so. Furthermore, he argues that the mechanisms of civil society, such as industry and production cannot be achieved either. Not only are Hobbes’s claims a bit extreme and ridiculous, but in the case of human nature, they are provably false. First, I would assert that man does not need government or a coercive power to achieve standards of right and wrong or to the orize moral frameworks. While governments may make laws that can achieve justice and outline a basic sense of what we believe to be right and wrong, this authority is not necessary for morality. ItShow MoreRelatedPolitical Philosophy And The Natural Law856 Words   |  4 Pagestried to conceptualize what constitutes a political philosophy. Several theorists produced valid points, highlighting the epitome of both politics and citizenship. Consequently, there was one philosopher that was able to produce a much more valid theory. John Locke philosophized that the political system is rooted from the law of nature. The law of nature states that all persons are equal, inducing limitations or restrictions on human freedom and personal liberty. 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Thomas Hobbes believed that all humans were born with sin. He believed that all humans were evil, cruel, greedy, and selfish. Even though he thought we were naturally evil, his theories also stated how they can be kept under control. He argued if countries wereRead MoreHobbes vs. Locke2028 Words   |  9 Pagespower? In answering this question explain Locke’s argument against Hobbes’s understanding of â€Å"paternal† and despotical power. On the discussion of power and social structure, both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes introduce their theories on paternal and despotical power in Second Treatise of Government and Leviathan respectively. Both men believe that social order is constructed artificially and not by a divine being. In Leviathan, Hobbes’s discusses the differences between paternal and despotical power

The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms - 1617 Words

Since its inception in 1982 the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, very much like its primary architect Pierre Trudeau, has been one of the most celebrated yet controversial elements of Canadian politics and governance. Revealing how this dynamic emerged requires a nuanced understanding of the motivation behind the Charter and the techniques it employed to succeed. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, like the entire patriation process, was motivated by and mobilized support through, constitutionally enshrining democratic core values, multiculturalism and a sense of nationalism. However, it should not be seen as merely a symbolic gesture on the part of Britain and Canada or merely a strengthening of core values. Instead it was a fundamental reinvention of Canadian federalism that shifted power away from the provinces to the federal government and from the Parliament to the courts. This was accomplished by incentivizing provincial acceptance, developing common interests, and, as a result, formalizing a national identity where the protection and expansion of core values was encouraged as fundamental. This dynamic allowed the reinvention to, by and large, succeed. An understanding of the provisions and effects of the Charter and how it ultimately succeed as a re-invention of the Canadian Government requires knowledge of the patriation process. Before 1982, the formal power to amend the Canadian Constitution was held by the British Parliament. This was seenShow MoreRelatedThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1613 Words   |  7 Pages The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms simply referred to as the â€Å"Charter†, is a significant document in regards to the Canadian constitution. Its primary aim is to uphold individual rights and freedoms and promote equality in administering justice. 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With this level of influence and admiration, it is truly a fundamental right. However, many ground-breaking cases have illustrated the need to limit freedom of expression. A prime example is the landmark case that took place in 1990 surrounding

A baby was born on July 12 or 13 of 100 BC in Rome Essay Example For Students

A baby was born on July 12 or 13 of 100 BC in Rome Essay . Little did the proud parents of this baby know that he would rule most of the known world. This baby was born to the name of Gaius, his personal name, Julius was the name of his familys clan and the name of his family was Caesar meaning hairy. Caesar was such an amazing man that many people couldnt believe that he was born the same way as them. Over time stories have arisen about Caesars birth. One story says that Caesar was pulled from an incision in his mothers stomach. This is where the medical term of Cesarean section came from, from Caesars birth. Not everyone paid that much attention to the birth of Caesar, it was overshadowed by exploits of his Uncle Gaius Marius. Marius was a politician, he was a new man or a plebeian politician. He married into the aristocratic Caesar family so he would have a name to back up his words. Marius did not receive a first-class education or a lot of other advantages some politicians had. Marius was elected consul in 108 BC, once in office he pr oved himself as a brilliant general. He persuaded the senate to send him to Africa and replace the general in the war there. He took over for General Metellus. Soon he ended the war that had been dragging on for many years. When he returned to Rome Marius found another chance for fame. Nomadic German tribes had invaded the north of Italy and winning a couple battles over Roman armies. Marius took the spotlight away from this little bundle of joy named Caesar. No matter what he wanted he was propelled into politics. Many of his relatives were senators or held other important political offices. He listened to many political discussions between his family which had substantial influences on him. He was trained to be a politician by his tutor Antonius Gnipho. He studied Greek and Latin literature, philosophy, and most important, rhetoric or the art of persuasive argument. At the age of twelve he was brought to the senate house to watch speeches and debates. As a kid he wrote numerous poems and plays. Augustus believed that these writings might tarnish his reputation, when he became emperor he burned all of Caesar works. Caesar was a very handsome boy and for that matter man too. He dressed in a style all his own. He was not very strong as boy. All male children were expected to be good athletes. Caesar acquired skills in running, fencing, and horseback riding. He became capable of physical feats that would astonish his childhood friends. His health was a bit frail as a kid. At an early age he became somewhat deaf and after he was thirty he suffered occasionally from fits of epilepsy. He was rather tall for a man from his time, he grew to be about five feet eight inches tall. In Roman tradition the fathers arranged their childrens marriages at an early age. Caesars father arranged his marriage with a young woman named Cossutia. Caesar hated this idea. He wanted to control his own life. He had a strong will of his own. But he had lots of respect for his father so he agreed to marry Cossutia. The marriage did not last long, only a few months. Soon after the wedding Caesar divorced his bride. A little later Caesars father died. When Caesar was nineteen he fell deeply in love with a woman named Cornelia. Cornelia was Cinnas daughter and Cinna was Marius most powerful colleague and co-consul. This entangled Caesar even more with politics. Having Marius as an uncle and Cinna as a father-in-law. Soon after the marriage Caesar and Cornelia had a daughter, whom they named Julia after his aunt and Marius wife. Marius and Cinna were elected consuls while Sulla was at war with Mithridates in 86 BC. Soon after both Cinna and Marius died. It left their party leaderless and could not stop Sulla from taking control of the republic. When Sulla took control he forced Caesar to divorce Cornelia as a test of loyalty. He refused to divorce the love of his life. He knew that men had been killed for far less serious things. He knew his life was in danger, he avoided execution by leaving Rome for the hilly country side near Rome. Caesar eluded hunters and police with a small group of his slaves for a few weeks. Then he became weak and sick from exposure, exhaustion, and a lack of sleep since he had been sleeping on the ground. While he was sick his slaves carried him around. One night Caesar and his slaves ran into one of Sullas men in the hills, even in his state of being he managed to keep the man from arresting him and bringing him into Rome. Soon after this incident Caesar found out some of his powe rful friends were going to try and get him a pardon. He returned to Rome. After Cornelia nursed him back to health he was summoned to the forum. He went there and came face to face with Sulla who with a slight move of hand could have him executed on the spot. His friends pleaded that he was just a boy; hotheaded, and his refusal had nothing to do with politics. Sulla granted Caesar a pardon by saying, You have made your point, and you can have him, but always bear in mind that one Caesar is worse than a dozen Mariuses. Even though Caesar had a pardon he knew that he was not safe in Rome. He would leave the first chance he got. In 81 BC he got his chance. He was offered a spot on the staff of proconsul Thermus. He immediately excepted the offer. Thermus was going to Asia Minor to control the rebellious Mytileneans. Soon after arriving in Asia Minor Caesar was sent to make sure Nicomedes, king of Bithynia on the Black Sea, had kept his promise to bring his fleet of ships to help Thermus control the Mytileneans. When Caesar arrived in Bithynia he was astonished by the kings luxuries. The king really showed off his wealth. On Caesars first night in Bithynia he slept on a bed of gold and on the second he was the guest of honor at a banquet. Caesar and Nicomedes became close friends and the king gave his young friend who he had come to admire gifts of money. Caesar did not forget his mission and the ships were sent to Thermus aid. Caesar had to leave Bithynia and return to his duties in the army, which he did reluctantly. Mytilene was taken by storm and Caesar won the civic crown, Romes highest award for courage . Caesar was kept busy with administrative duties in Asia Minor. Caesar was going to join up with the navy to stop the pirates in the eastern Mediterranean until he got word that Sulla was dead. Artemis EssayCaius Cassius was the ringleader in a conspiracy against Caesar. Cassius gathered a small group of citizens to join him in a plot to murder Caesar. In those days the killing of a ruler for patriotic reasons was not a crime! In February of 44 BC he was appointed dictator for life. This pushed his assassinators over the edge. Caesar wanted to lead armies again in new and glorious conquests. He made plans to leave Rome for two years and lead an army. He was to leave on March 19. This meant the assassination had to take place soon, Cassius had to make final plans. Caesar knew something was wrong he had spies everywhere and a soothsayer openly said that he would be killed. He refused to take precautions and even dismissed his bodyguard. This whole time he refused to be crowned king. Caesar was scheduled to attend a meeting on the Ides, or fifteenth, of March, that was the day the conspirators would attack. On March fourteenth Caesars wife had terrible dreams of her husbands death. In the morning his wife pleaded with him not to go. Caesar postponed the session. One of the conspirators named Decimus Brutus came to Caesars house and persuaded him to come to the session. He gave in and came to the session. His wifes try to save him failed. When Caesar entered the Senate a group formed around him and stabbed him to death. He was stabbed 23 times then fell on a statue of Pompey. So Caesar died. Caesar had a great life and then was stabbed because people were jealous of him.

The Fundamentals Of Television Essays - Television Technology

The Fundamentals of Television In this report on television I will discuss television signals, the components the make up a television, and how a television produces the picture and sound for the final output. The sound carrier is at the upper end of the spectrum. Frequency modulation is used to impress the sound on the carrier. The maximum frequency deviation is twenty-five kilohertz, considerably less than the deviation permitted by confessional FM stereo. As a result, a TV sound signal occupies less bandwidth in the spectrum than a standard FM broadcast station. Stereo sound is available in TV, and the multiplexing method used to transmit two channels of sound information is virtually identical to that used in stereo transmission for FM broadcasting. The picture information is transmitted on a separate carrier located 4.5 MHz lower in frequency than the sound carrier. The video signal derived from a camera is used to amplitude modulate the picture carrier. Different methods of modulation are used for both sound and picture information so that there is less interference between the picture and sound signals. The full upper sidebands of the picture information are transmitted, but only a portion of the lower sidebands is suppressed to conserve spectrum space. The color information in a picture is transmitted by way of frequency division multiplexing techniques. Two color signals derived from the camera are used to modulate a subcarrier that, in turn, modulates the picture carrier along with the main voice information. The color subcarriers use double-sideband-suppressed carrier AM. The video signal can contain frequency components up to 4.2 MHz. Therefore, if both sidebands were transmitted simultaneously, the picture signal would occupy 8.4 MHz. The vestigal sideband transmission reduces this excessive bandwidth. Because a TV signal occupies so much bandwidth, it must be transmitted in a very high frequency portion of the spectrum. TV signals are assigned to frequencies in the VHF and UHF range. United States TV stations use the frequencies between 54 and 806 MHz. This portion of the spectrum is divided into sixty-eight 6MHz channels that are assigned frequencies. Channels 2 through 7 occupy the frequency range from 54 to 88 MHz. Additional TV channels occupy the space between 470 and 806 MHz. The video signal is most often generated by a TV camera, a very sophisticated electronic device that incorporates lenses and light-sensitive tranducers to convert the scene or object to be viewed into an electrical signal that can be used to modulate a carrier. To do this, the scene to be transmitted is collected and focused by a lens upon a light-sensitive imaging device. Both vacume tube and semiconductor devices are used for converting the light information in the scene into an electrical signal. The scene is divided into smaller segments that can be transmitted serially over a period of time. It is the job of the camera to subdivide the scene in an orderly manner so that an acceptable signal is developed. This process is called scanning. Scanning is a technique that divides a rectangular scene up into individual lines. The standard TV scene dimensions have an aspect ratio of 4:3; that is, the scene width is four units for every 3 units of height. To create a picture, the scene is subdivided into many fine horizontal lines called scan lines. Each line represents a very narrow portion of light variations in the scene. The greater the number of scan lines, the higher the resolution and the greater the detail that can be observed. United States TV standards call for the scene to be divided into a maximum of 525 horizontal lines. The task of the TV camera is to convert the scene into an electrical signal. The camera accomplishes this by transmitting a voltage of 1 volt for black and 0 volts for white. The scene is divided into 15 scan lines numbered 0 through 14. The scene is focused on the light-sensitive area of a vidicon tube or CCD imaging device that scans the scene one line at time, transmitting the light variations along the lines as voltage levels. Where the white background is being scanned a 0 volt signal occurs. When a black picture element is encountered a 1 volt level is transmitted. The electrical

Electoral College in Todays World essays

Electoral College in Todays World essays Electoral College in Todays World On November 7th, 2000, registered citizens of United States voted. I believed that my vote would make a great difference as to who would be president. Later that evening the news slowly displayed the progress of each state as all of the votes were tallied. There was much confusion as I watched. I didnt know that the president and vice president were elected by a non-direct, nation-wide vote. What was the purpose of the electoral vote? Did my vote even make a difference? I needed to better understand exactly how we elect the president and vice president. What is the Electoral College? I learned that every four years you vote. When you vote, each individual vote helps decide which candidate receives your states electoral votes. The electors elect the president and vice president by casting electoral votes for the presidential candidate who carries their state. Each states allotment of electors is equal to the number of house members to which its entitled plus two senators. Essentially the Electoral College system is a method of indirectly selecting the President of the United States. It is part of the elite theory of making sure that direct voters did not select a poor candidate for President, if direct election split the vote and a poor candidate was elected by popular vote. The founders of the nation devised the Electoral College system as part of their plan to share power between the States and the national government. The founders of the nation devised the Electoral College system as stated in article 2 of the Constitution. This system allows the sharing of power between states and government in an organized manner. Each state shall appoint [...] a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the congress. But no Senator or Representative, or person holding an of...

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Big Four - Essay Example They founded Central Pacific in 1861. They were also responsible for starting the American transcontinental line. Construction of the rail began in Sacramento, California, in 1863 which reached south to Arizona in 1877. The Central Pacific met the Union Pacific at Promontory, Utah, in May 1869. Stanford was born on March 9 1824, and he passed on June 21, 1893. He was an American mogul, industrialist, politician and forefather of Stanford University. He remade himself in gold rush era in California as a merchant. He left the Midwest to become a partner in a wholesale grocery industry created by his brothers. He was slow to speak, a deliberate thinker, and he was characterized by a steady nature that repeatedly provoked his railroad partners. Stanford headed east to lobby for the undertaking and gain biased support for his gubernatorial tender. Stanford appointed Theodore Judah and Doc Strong as nominating committee, and, perhaps swayed by his political gravity, they in turn named Stanford president. It was a insignificant to company mastermind Huntington, who had to settle for vice president and the beginning of bad blood that estranged him from Stanford and drove Judah away from the Central Pacific. Bad choices cost Stanford his governors office by the end of his first term- characteristic was his May decision to appoint business partner E. B. Crocker to the California Supreme Court.Political position had allowed him to funnel state money to the railroad; free from the responsibilities of office, Stanford turned his full attention to railroad duties. In 1868 he signed a million-dollar draft without their consultation, making the company captive to the Bank of California Collis P. Huntington was born in 1821 and passed on in the 1900. He went to California in1849 on news about gold. He had an uncanny intelligence for buying and selling. There he became a partner with Mark Hopkins in a successful wholesale-retail firm that specialized in miners’

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Roman Catholic Contemporary Tradition Of Moral Theology Theology Religion Essay An Introduction to Moral Theology was originally written in December of 1990 by William E. May. It was published by Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. in 1991, just prior to the Encyclical Letter of John Paul II, Veritatis Splendor, which was published in 1994. Later in 1994, May published his revised edition most likely to incorporate and respond to the clarifications provided by Veritatis Splendor. With the second edition, published in 2003, he further expanded his work and provides a very clear and thorough analysis of Christian moral theology. May maintains a strong emphasis on the Christian moral principles purported by Germain Grisez and his companion moral theologians John Finnis and Joseph Boyle. May maintains fidelity to the Roman Catholic Magisterium and offers a strong foundation that stems from his own expertise including his knowledge of bioethics. William May is definitely main-stream and possesses a sound and loyal adherence to the post Vatican II reconnection with Aquinian moral principles. If there is a criticism of Mays book, it is that he possesses such a deep and profound understanding of the evolution of modern moral theology, including the myriad of revisionist authors and their various schools of thought, that he is capable and somewhat prone to lose a novice in the complexity. His book may better serve the graduate student who possesses a core understanding of moral theology, rather than the neophyte or liberal arts undergraduate. May demonstrates repeated loyalty to the theories and teachings of Germain Grisez and often defends them in combination with John Finnis and Joseph Boyle. May, Grisez, Finnis and Boyle have also collaborated in publishing other works. May also brings other authors and theologians into his comparative analysis including: Martin Rhonheimer, Joseph Fuchs, Richard Gula, Charles Curran and Timothy OConnell among many others. May fearlessly pits their views on moral theology against Aquinas Summa , Veritatis Splendor and the documents from Vatican II, especially when sorting out the complex definitions of natural law. Although fearless in his quest for fidelity to Roman Catholic tradition and the Magisterium, he is both thorough and contextually compassionate to the opposing ideas presented by the revisionists and proportionalists, pointing out their positive contributions as well as their serious theological flaws. May is not timid and he quickly rejects their infidelity to the foundation al underpinnings of Roman Catholic theology while simultaneously attempting to understand why they have chosen a contrary stance to Aquinas, Veritatis Splendor, or similar post Vatican II magisterial interpretations. Human Dignity and Free Human Action In Mays first edition, he listed two kinds of human dignity stating, According to Catholic tradition, as found in Aquinas and in the teachings of Vatican Council II, there is a twofold dignity proper to human beings: one is intrinsic and an endowment or gift; the other is also intrinsic, but is an achievement or acquisition.  [1]  Referring to Dignitatis Humane, which was published in 1965, but more notably, citing Veritatis Splendor, May is motivated to add a third kind of human dignity in his revision that he calls, [A] purely gratuitous gift from God himself, who gives this to us when, through baptism, we are re-generated as Gods very own children and given the vocation to become holy, even as the heavenly Father is holy, and to be co-workers with Christ, his collaborators in redeeming the world. This dignity is a treasure entrusted to us, and we can lose it by freely choosing to do what is gravely evil.  [2]   In keeping with his recognized mainstream Roman Catholic theology, May incorporates John Paul IIs renewed focus on moral absolutes, together with the theological virtues presented in Veritatis Splendor, and inculcates this vision into in his two revisions. May was already a proponent of Aquinas and he spends a great deal of time, devoting an entire section of his book on natural law in Aquinas as developed in the Summa Theologiae. He contrasts Aquinas with Ulpians definitions of natural law and then focuses on Aquinas teaching of natural law in the Summa Contra Gentiles. His Revised Edition adds a section on natural law from Vatican II and then in his Second Edition he also adds sections to his book to include the theology of John Paul II as well as Martin Rhonheimer. Mays theology is strong on moral responsibility and their resulting norms. One example is how he interweaves the teaching on natural law from Aquinas with the theology expressed by Grisez, Boyle and Finnis; concluding, It is the natural law which is perfected, fulfilled, [and] completed by the evangelical law of love, of a more-than-human kind of love, the love that God himself has for us. [When we are] concerned with our life as moral persons in Christ, we shall seek to know how the evangelical law of love fulfills and completes the natural law.  [3]   As already noted, May is not shy about identifying and attacking the revisionist theologians and pitting them against Veritatis Splendor and the teachings of the Magisterium. He reviews and sheds light upon the writings of a myriad of the post-Vatican II revisionists including: Louis Janssens, Josef Fuchs, Richard Gula, Richard McCormick, Timothy E. OConnell, Franz Bà ¶ckle, Charles E. Curran, Bernard Hà ¤ring, Franz Scholz, Peter Knauer, and Bruno Schà ¼ller. May defends moral absolutes using strong and carefully documented arguments as they are described in the Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church and Veritatis Splendor by John Paul II. He ultimately concludes, Revisionists, in their arguments based on the wholeness or totality of the human act, focus on the agents remote or ulterior end or further intention, i.e., on the good that the agent hopes to realize by choosing to do x here and now, or the evil that the agent hopes to avoid by choosing to do x here and now. But they fail to take seriously indeed, they even ignore the moral significance of the x that is chosen to realize this end and the fact that the agent freely wills this x as a chosen means, for it is the proximate end of his will act and the present intention that shapes his moral being. Revisionists are thus led to redescribe human actions in terms of their hoped-for results. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Secondly, it falsely redescribes actions in terms of their anticipated results and by doing so fails to reveal and at times even conceals what moral agents are in fact choosing and doing [emphasis added].  [4]   On Human Action and Virtue May provides a solid and clear understanding of human action and free choice. Mays first edition (1991) is virtually void of a discussion on the virtues. He does mention virtues and vices in his section, The Basic Understanding of Law in the Summa Theologiae, but his goal is targeted towards a discussion of goods and habits within Eternal Law and Natural Law. His revised (1994) and second (2003) editions add a section dedicated to the virtues. He reflects on Grisez, Aquinas and their discussion of virtue, but less as an instruction on the virtues and more as a response to Veritatis Splendors emphasis on the virtues and their importance and effect on free human action and formation of conscience in the moral life. May has a brief discussion on the Cardinal Virtues and specifically side-steps the Theological Virtues stating, I will not here consider his [Aquinas] teaching on the theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity and his teaching that, with charity, God infuses supernatural moral virtues of prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance, etc. These aspects of his teaching are well set forth by Romanus Cessario in The Moral Virtues and Theological Ethics and Virtue or the Examined Life. An excellent brief account of Thomass teaching on the virtues can be found in T. C. OBriens article on virtue in the New Catholic Encyclopedia.  [5]   Turning then to the Cardinal Virtues, May first reflects on Aquinas discussion of appetites and how they contribute to the formation of the Cardinal Virtues. May states, This text prepares the way for Aquinass division of the moral virtues perfecting the appetites into the classical cardinal virtues, namely, those of prudence (perfecting ones practical reason), justice (perfecting the appetite of the will), temperance (perfecting the concupiscible appetite), and fortitude (perfecting the irascible appetite).  [6]   In coincidence with and in defense of Germain Grisez, May sees a relationship between moral virtues and moral principles. He finds that a virtue is akin to a good habit, citing fairness and justice, and asserting that ones personality is affected by each of the commitments and moral norms practiced by that person. May states, Some today oppose a virtue-based ethics to a normative or principle-based ethics. This debate is in my opinion misplaced. The following passage from Grisez indicates the proper relationship between virtues and moral principles: What, he asks, is the connection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ between moral principles and virtues? Do we have two distinct, perhaps even competing, approaches to morality an ethics of moral truth versus an ethics of virtue? Not at all. Take the Golden Rule. One who consistently chooses fairly and works consistently to carry out such choices is a fair person a person, that is, with the virtue of fairness or justice. A virtue is nothing other than an aspect of the personality of a person integrated through commitments and other choices made in accord with relevant moral norms derived from the relevant modes of responsibility. In other words: living by the standard of fairness makes a person fair.  [7]   This assertion of May also coincides with Veritatis Splendor and how John Paul II views human acts as moral acts and how they express the morality of the individual person. John Paul II states, Human acts are moral acts because they express and determine the goodness or evil of the individual who performs them. They do not produce a change merely in the state of affairs outside of man but, to the extent that they are deliberate choices, they give moral definition to the very person who performs them, determining his profound spiritual traits.  [8]   Natural Law, Central to Mays Moral Theology William May dedicates his longest chapter (chapter 3, of 55 pages) of his second edition (2003) on natural law. He concentrates on several areas of natural law, including the teachings of Aquinas, Ulpians definition, the Summa Contra Gentiles, Vatican II, the teaching of John Paul II, and the theology of Germain Grisez, John Finnis and Joseph Boyle. He also discusses areas of agreement between Rhonheimer and Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle and then turns to areas of disagreement between them and Rhonheimer. Finally he reviews the relationship between natural law and virtue. Kevin Flannery, who reviewed Mays 1994 revision for The Thomist, agrees and comments, The core of the book is chapter two in which May discusses the natural law theory of Thomas Aquinas and its development by Grisez, Finnis and Boyle. Anyone interested in a quick, accurate introduction to natural law theory as understood in its central tradition could do no better than to read these 63 pages.  [9]   Mays incorporation of Rhonheimers position on natural law did not come until the second edition was published in 2003. The core of his use of Rhonheimer supports Grisez et al. noting that as held by Aquinas, natural law is a work of practical reason. He opposes the moralists that deny moral absolutes and accepts that natural reason naturally apprehends the goods that are to be pursued and done. As May states, Rhonheimer agrees with Grisez et al. in holding that according to Aquinas and reality our knowledge of the truths of natural law is not derived from metaphysics or anthropology or any speculative knowledge. With them, he opposes those who maintain the opposite, explicitly acknowledging his debt to Grisez on this matter.  [10]   Rhonheimer disagrees with Grisez et al. in three major areas stated succinctly by May as, (a) the distinction between the perceptive-practical and descriptive-reflexive levels of practical reason; (b) the relationship between natural law and virtue; and (c) the movement from the first or common principles of natural law to its proximate or immediate conclusions.  [11]   May also notes additional disagreement of Rhonheimer with Grisez et al. and indicates that this is his own opinion as well, noting that Rhonheimer does not show how proximate conclusions are found to be true in light of prior principles. May states, Rhonheimer does not, however, explicitly show how the primary principles of natural law serve as premises in the light of which one can show the truth of the proximate and immediate conclusions. In this, he seems to follow Aquinas himself. As we have seen, Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle argue correctly in my opinion that one must show clearly how the so-called proximate conclusions are shown to be true in the light of prior principles.  [12]   In his revised editions, May includes a concise section on the teaching of John Paul II and most importantly as it is expressed in Veritatis Splendor. May demonstrates that one of John Paul IIs main points is that, in order to respect the dignity of our neighbor, one must refrain from destroying or damaging the goods of our neighbor and even, cherish the real goods perfective in him.  [13]   In addition and in agreement with Aquinas who states, Hence it is clear that the goodness of the human will depends much more upon eternal law than upon human reason  [14]  , May emphasizes the core of John Paul IIs thoughts on natural law stating, The highest law is Gods divine, eternal law. The natural law is our human, intelligent participation in this eternal law, which we can come to know through the exercise of our practical reasoning.  [15]  May then directs his reader to the Catechism of the Catholic Church (nos. 1950-1960) for further clarity on eternal and natural law. Here, is where the passage referring to Leo XIII, Libertas praestantissimum, 579, is encountered in the Catechism that states, The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man, because it is human reason ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to sin But this command of human reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice and interpreter of a higher reason to which our spirit and our freedom must be submitted.  [16]   According to Mays convincing and methodical presentations, John Paul II, the Second Vatican Council, Grisez et al., Aquinas, and May himself all agree, natural law that is perfected, fulfilled, and completed by the evangelical law of love, of a more-than-human kind of love, the love that God himself has for us.  [17]   Moral Absolutes and the Battle with the Revisionists May contested the revisionists long before the appearance of Veritatis Splendor and the re-centering of Catholic moral theology on the precepts of Aquinas. In his 1980 compilation of essays entitled Principles of Catholic Moral Life  [18]  May, together with William Cardinal Baum, compiled a series of essays that were unequivocally Thomistic and criticized the proportionalist and consequentialist thinking that had developed in several theological circles. In Mays own contribution to the volume, he provided an essay entitled, The natural law and Objective Morality: A Thomistic Perspective. He states, Today [circa 1979] a significant number of Roman Catholic moral theologians find it necessary to dissent from authoritative teachings of the Roman Catholic Church on moral questions. The Magisterium of the Church teaches that some specifiable sorts of human acts are wicked and contrary to the principles of the natural law.  [19]   According to May, the root cause of the revisionists rejection of moral absolutes stems from the Majority Report which was a document dated, (27 May 1966) of the majority theologians of the Pontifical Commission on Population, Family and Birth, in which they sought to explain why, if contraceptive intercourse is morally good, nevertheless various other masturbatory acts between spouses are not.  [20]  May, referring to Documentum Syntheticum, (in Hoyt, p. 72), further highlights the notions of the revisionist theologians of the Majority Report that state, Infertile conjugal acts constitute a totality with fertile acts and have a single moral specification [namely, the fostering of love responsibly toward generous fecundity].  [21]  May points out that the theologians of the Majority Report say, that the moral object of their act is the fostering of love responsibly toward a generous fecundity.'[They define] this [as] obviously something good, not bad. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Revisionists, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ claim that the specific moral absolutes defended in the Catholic tradition and affirmed by the magisterium isolate partial aspects of human acts and, on the basis of such isolated aspects, render decisive moral judgments about them. Their claim is that reason, objectivity, and truth require that an action be evaluated as right or wrong only as a totality that includes all the circumstances and motivations, considered in relation to all the premoral (but morally relevant) goods and bads involved in that totality.  [22]   May then goes on to show that from this line of thinking the revisionist theologians including those he names: Franz Bà ¶ckle, Charles E. Curran, Josef Fuchs, Bernard Hà ¤ring, Louis Janssens, Richard McCormick, Timothy E. OConnell, Richard Gula, Franz Scholz, and Bruno Schà ¼ller, develop the theories of proportionate good, the preference principle, and the denial of moral absolutes. Another group of theologians sometimes called the minority report theologians including Germain Girsez, John Finnis, Joseph Boyle, and others, including William May himself, hold fast to the teachings of Aquinas, and defend moral absolutes. In the 2003 second edition of his book, May also points out that in their understanding of the object of a human act, the minority report theologians coincide with both the Catechism of the Catholic Church and John Paul II in Veritatis Splendor. May clearly states, With this understanding of the object of a human act in mind, it is easy to grasp John Paul IIs conclusion, namely, that One must reject the thesis, characteristic of teleological and proportionalist theories, which holds that it is impossible to qualify as morally evil according to its species its object the deliberate choice of certain kinds of behavior or specific acts, apart from consideration of the intention for which the choice is made or the totality of the foreseeable consequences of that act for all persons concerned [no. 79; cf. no. 82].  [23]   May clearly points out that in Veritatis Splendor, John Paul II refutes the teleologisms of consequentialism and proportionalism declaring that they, are not faithful to the Churchs teaching when they believe that they can justify, as morally good, deliberate choices of kinds of behavior contrary to the commandments of the divine and natural law'(cf. no. 75).  [24]   Morality and Sin May focuses on three major areas in his discussion of sin: (1) the core meaning of sin, (2) the distinction between mortal and venial sin and the basis of this distinction, and (3) the effect of sin on our moral life.  [25]   In his discussion on the core meaning of sin, he turns first to scripture, starting with the Old Testament. According to May, The Old Testament consistently regards sin as a wicked rebellion against the Lord.  [26]  Here he reflects on the words to describe sin such as unfaithfulness, adultery, foolishness, and abomination. Referring to Sirach, May states, The consistent teaching of the Old Testament is that sin is rooted in human freedom and consists in an abuse of Gods gift of free choice.  [27]  He then turns to David and Psalm 51 and highlights what he calls a beautiful summary of sin in the Old Testament with the passage, Have mercy on me, O God, according to thy steadfast love; according to thy abundant mercy blot out my transgressions (pesha). Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity (awon), and cleanse me from my sin (hatta t)! For I know my transgressions (pesha), and my sin (hattat) is ever before me. Against thee, thee only, have I sinned (hatta), and done that which is evil (ra) in thy sight (Ps 51: 1-4).  [28]   This is the source for the words used by the priest during Mass, when standing at the side of the altar, he washes his hands, saying quietly, Wash me, O Lord, from my iniquity and cleanse me from my sin.  [29]   Turning to the New Testament, May finds words to describe sin like harmatia and harmatma (freely chosen deeds or to choose to miss-the-mark), anomia (lawlessness), adikia (injustice), and skotos (dimmed eyesight or blindness). For May, these words show that sin is an opposition to the truth of God, to Jesus Christ who is the way, the truth, and the life to ones fellowmen, and to the truth of being a human person.  [30]   The third area that May discusses in his section on sin is Catholic moral tradition. He reflects on aspects of St. Augustine and Aquinas as well as Gaudium et Spes, and Dignitatis Humanae. He also considers some of the active theologians and their contrary views, including Keane, Curran, Hà ¤ring, McCormick, and others. True to Mays orthodox view of divine law, he understands that God directs all of creation with charity and wisdom. In this context he concludes, [T]he highest norm of human life is the divine law eternal, objective, and universal whereby God orders, directs, and governs the entire universe and all the ways of the human community by a plan conceived in wisdom and love. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Man has been made by God to participate in this law, with the result that, under the gentle disposition of divine providence, he can come to perceive ever more increasingly the unchanging truth (Dignitatis humanae, no. 3; cf. Gaudium et spes, nos. 16-17).  [31]   May then goes on to unfold a clear and articulate discussion of mortal sin and venial sin. He uses many sources including encyclical and magisterial pronouncements, scripture, council teachings, and especially observations from John Paul II. Within this context, he carefully considers and then clearly rejects the fundamental option theories. Finally, at the end of his chapter on sin, May refers his readers directly to the Catechism of the Catholic Church where he clearly embraces its definitions of sin, including mortal and venial sin, which states, God has consigned all men to disobedience, that he may have mercy upon all (Rom 11:32). Sin is an utterance, a deed, or a desire contrary to the eternal law (St. Augustine, Faust 22: PL 42, 418). It is an offense against God. It rises up against God in a disobedience contrary to the obedience of Christ. Sin is an act contrary to reason. It wounds mans nature and injures human solidarity. The root of all sins lies in mans heart. The kinds and the gravity of sins are determined principally by their objects. To choose deliberately-that is, both knowing it and willing it-something gravely contrary to the divine law and to the ultimate end of man is to commit a mortal sin. This destroys in us the charity without which eternal beatitude is impossible. Unrepented, it brings eternal death. Venial sin constitutes a moral disorder that is reparable by charity, which it allows to subsist in us. The repetition of sins-even venial ones-engenders vices, among which are the capital sins.  [32]   In his latest (2003) revised edition of An Introduction to Moral Theology, May includes an appendix to his book, Christian Moral Life and the Catechism of the Catholic Church. He refers his readers to the Catechism and this appendix often, pointing out that the prime source for most definitions within moral theology are best sought there. In his review of Mays book in the New Oxford Reviews, Justin Gullekson agrees with the observations above regarding Mays mainstream Roman Catholic position on sin and states, Sin and moral absolutes: These topics are taken up [by May] with gusto. The pastor, director of religious education or unsettled lay person will find Mays extensive treatment of these matters helpful, especially because he identifies certain theological positions with their corresponding expositors. This book battles the mess people make of their lives when they have been acting according to the false subjective norms of free choice (if it feels O.K., do it) and so-called conscience (if its not a sin for you, its no sin).  [33]   Jesus Christ, Our Moral Foundation May points out that Jesus Christ is central and foundational in Christian morality. He supports this with sections from Gaudium et Spes, Veritatis Splendor, scripture (especially from Pauls letters), and the Catechism of the Catholic Church. As he often does throughout his book, May then turns to articulated positions from Germain Grisez. He points to Grisezs threefold understanding of how Jesus divinizes humanity, producing union with God. The first is, our union with him in divine life as children of God, [the second is] the bodily union between Jesus and his faithful, the members of his Church [and the third is] unity between Christ and the Christian in human acts.  [34]   The sacraments, and especially the Eucharist within the Mass and Baptism are central to ones union with Christ and humanitys sharing in His sanctifying grace. The Mass is fully a participation in Christs act of salvation and Baptism is the bestowal of ones vocation to not only be within Gods family and a member of the Mystical Body of Christ, but also to assume a greater responsibility to live a moral life as a member of His Mystical Body. In alignment with Aquinas, Veritatis Splendor, and Grisez, May turns to a discussion of the beatitudes, and how they provide, modes of Christian response [to] specify ways of acting that mark a person whose will, enlivened by the love of God poured into his or her heart, is inwardly disposed to act with confidence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [35]   May turns again to Grisez. Here he enfolds the gifts of the Holy Spirit as found in Isaiah with the beatitudes producing eight modes of Christian response  [36]  as follows, 1. To expect and accept all good, including the good fruits of ones work, as Gods gift [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 2. To accept ones limited role in the Body of Christ and fulfill it [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 3. To put aside or avoid everything which is not necessary or useful in the fulfillment of ones personal vocation [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 4. To endure fearlessly whatever is necessary or useful for the fulfillment of ones personal vocation [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 5. To be merciful according to the universal and perfect measure of mercy which God has revealed in Jesus [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 6. To strive to conform ones whole self to living faith, and purge anything which does not meet this standard [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 7. To respond to evil with good, not with resistance, much less with destructive action [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] 8. To do no evil that good might come of it, but suffer evil together with Jesus in cooperation with Gods redeeming love -.  [37]   By digesting the beatitudes in this way, using Grisezs thoughts, May demonstrates how, in essence, the beatitudes are actually moral foundational norms or virtues for humanity provided directly by Christ. The Church, Teacher of the

people of 1970s :: essays research papers

The 1970’s are a decade of finding your self. In this decade, there were scandals, sex, drugs, and rock n’ roll. The years between 1970 and 1979 were very crazy. In this paper are people that helped shape the 1970’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard Milhous Nixon was born in 1913 in Yorba Linda, California. In 1946, Nixon was persuaded by the republicans to be their candidate, to challenge the democratic congressman, Jerry Voorhis. As a new member of the United States congress, Nixon gained valuable experience in international affairs, as well as serving on the committee that he committed, the â€Å"European Recovery Program†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦aka the Marshal plan. As the president of the United States, Nixon led us into the Vietnam War. It was said to be one of the most important issues that Nixon faced in his term of office. The war had begun in 1959 when communists tried to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. While running for president, Nixon had campaigned against war, saying that he would bring U.S. soldiers back home. However   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rutledge 2 The War only seemed to expand. In April of 1970, Nixon authorized the invasion of Cambodia, and the invasion on Laos in 1971. As the second half of the war came around, in 1972, Nixon traveled to Beijing and in May of 1972 he Visited Moscow. On both of these trips, he signed trade agreements with both countries, and a treaty with USSR to limit the deployment of the antiballistic missile systems. By the 1972 election, Nixon and Agnew were looking for re-election. The countries inflation had gone down, and the international position of the U.S. economy had improved greatly. The war was still raging in South Vietnam. At the beginning of Nixon’s second administration, the secret peace meetings resumed between Vietnam and the U.S. Nixon there declared a halt to all bombing, mining and artillery fire in North Vietnam. Nixon’s popularity would only increase with the public’s awareness of the Watergate scandal. By March of 1973, questions were aimed at Nixon about the tr ial of the burglars who had broken into the Democratic National Committee and the Watergate Complex in Washington D.C. These questions also raised questions about Nixon’s knowledge about the activities and his participation of the cover up of the Watergate Scandal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rutledge 3 In early 1974, a report released by the IRS stated that Nixon owed $432,787 in back taxes for the years 1969 through 1972.

Female Foeticide: Death Before Birth Essay

It has been six long decades since India gained independence but many Indians are still trapped in age-old traditional beliefs. Here, ‘old beliefs’ imply the mindset of people who still find themselves in the trap of girl-boy inequality. The ‘liberal’ Indian society has failed to transform the other orthodox India. No doubt India is advancing at a fast pace in the field of science and technology, and also in aping of the western culture, but if we look at the grass root level, the picture is not so rosy; it is rather a dark, especially when it comes to how we treat the fairer sex. The status of females in India aptly symbolizes India’s status of being a developing nation – miles away from becoming a developed state. Of course, India deserves to be in this list because here, in this 21st century, the girl child continues to be murdered before she is born. Female foeticide is still prevalent in the Indian society, in fact, it has been a practice for hundreds of years. Narrow-minded people do not mind murdering their unborn daughters for the fear of giving huge amounts of dowry at the time of her marriage. Such people, whenever they discover they are going to have a girl child (through illegal sex selection tests), get the foetus aborted. Else they would continue to reproduce till they get a male heir. When price rise is already taking a toll on the standard of living, is it necessary to go in for more than two children irrespective of their gender? Many families put pressure on women to give birth to boy so that he can take family’s name forward, light the funeral pyre and be the bread earner of the family. But these days, are girls less competent than boys? Just look at the results of Board exams or any other competitive exams, girls mostly outshine boys. Women empowerment has led to inundation of females excelling in the corporate world, engineering and medical professions. Sadly, there have been numerous incidents of the foetus being found lying in farms, floating in rivers, wrapped up in jute bags etc. India’s major social problem is the intentional killing of the girl child. The struggle for a girl child starts the day her existence is known in her mother’s womb. The fear and struggle to survive swallow most of the girl’s life even if she is ‘allowed’ to live in this cruel world. In India, the girl child is considered a burden as huge amounts of money, gold and other items need to be given in the form of dowry when she gets married. Dowry is not the only reason for poor couple to abort their girl child. The ages old traditions, customs and beliefs of the Indian society are largely responsible for creating a negative mindset among the couples. More shocking is the fact that the sinful crime of female foeticide is not only common in rural areas where social discrimination against women, lack of proper education etc. ca n be considered as reasons behind carrying out such acts, but also the ultra modern, so-called ‘educated’ people living in urban areas and metropolitan cities who are a step ahead in killing the girl child in the womb. The truth behind this crime has been brought into light several times by the print and electronic media. But, it has failed to melt the hearts and minds of those who remain unaffected by the consequences of the grave sin they are committing. The matter was discussed in length and breadth in the inaugural episode of the show ‘Satyamave Jayate’ anchored by Bollywood actor Aamir Khan. The show has once again ignited the spirited discussion on the female foeticide in the country. That episode had mothers from different parts of rural and urban India talking about the pressure and the problems they faced for delivering a girl child. Although the show is doing really well and has already garnered positive reviews from the audiences, we will have to wait and see whether the impact will remain even after the programme stops beaming into our drawing rooms every Sunday. The emotional connect which the show has successfully created should be strong enough to stop the killing of the girl child before being born. If we look at the figures of sex ratio in India, according to the 2011 Census, the number of girls stands at 940 which is a marginal increase from 933 in 2001. Not surprisingly, Haryana has the lowest sex ratio among the states while Kerala remains at the top with the highest sex ratio. In the national capital Delhi, the statistics stand at 821 girls against 1000 boys in 2001 compared to 866 in 2011. According to the statistics, nearly 10 million female foetuses have been aborted in the country over the past two decades. Of the 12 million girls born in India, one million do not see their first birthdays. As a result, human trafficking has become common in various states of India where teenage girls are being sold for cheap money by poor families. The girls are treated as sex objects and more than half of such cases go unreported. The United Nations’ World Population Fund indicated that India has one of the highest sex imbalances in the world. Not surprisingly, demographers warn that there will be a shortage of brides in the next 20 years because of the adverse juvenile sex ratio, combined with an overall decline in fertility. With the advent of technology, ultrasound techniques gained widespread use in India during the 1990s. It resulted in the foetal sex determination and sex selective abortion by medical professionals. Recently, incidences of female foeticide were reported from Beed district in Maharashtra where women used to come to a doctor’s clinic to get their female child aborted for Rs 2000. Just think for a moment about the doctor’s connivance in this illegal act. Doctors, whose aim is to save the lives of people, happily kill the foetus for a meagre two thousand bucks! And more heart wrenching is the fact that the aborted foetuses were very often fed to dogs. The above mentioned case is not the only one of such heart wrenching heinous crimes. There are thousands of such clinics where illegal activities are carried out on a daily basis and in some cases, in connivance with politicians and police men. The life transition from a female foetus to a school going girl to a caring woman is never an easy task for the fairer sex. She has to face challenges at every step of her life. Daily, there is news related to rape, sexual harassment, molestation, verbal abuse, torture, exploitation. She has to fight against gender indiscrimination, inequality, and hundreds of social norms are tagged with her the day she puts her steps outside her home. In most of the cases, women abort their female child involuntarily when they succumb to family pressures. The in-laws’ illogical demand/ desire for a boy preference makes the life of women hell. Sometimes, she is left by her husband if she is unable to give birth to a child and worse happens when she conceives a girl child. Ironically, it all happens in a country where the girl is seen as an incarnation of Goddess ‘Laxmi’. True, many families are out of bounds in joy when a girl child is born in their family. They think she will bring luck, harmony, happiness and peace in their family. They even touch her feet to seek her blessings. Many childless couples even adopt a girl child irrespective of the worries of her future (mainly marriage). In such a grim scenario, it’s really difficult to digest the harsh reality of the differences between a boy and a girl. India has a deeply rooted patriarchal attitude to which even the doctors and the women, who in spite of being the victims, unthinkingly subscribe. There is an urgent need of undoing the historical and traditional wrongs of a gendered society; only then the hope of abolition of female infanticide and boy preference can positively adjust the figures in favour of the girl child in future. The skewed sex ratio has to find a balance in order to maintain the progress of the country.

The Meaning of Diversity Among the Professorateâ€A...

The Meaning of Diversity Among the Professorate—A Literature Review Different aspects of diversity in higher education are an ongoing topic of debate. In order for us to address the issue of diversity, we need to understand what diversity means. This paper reviews a study used at the University of Florida to assess their faculty’s meaning of diversity. It also looked at the faculty’s openness to diversity and the effect diversity has had on them. Researchers at Weber State University could use this, or a similar study, to gain an understanding of what diversity means to faculty at Weber State, as well as diversity’s impact. Literature Review Hon, Weigold, Chance (1999) conducted a study in an attempt to answer two questions: what†¦show more content†¦They collected data using a survey, which began with four open-ended questions. How has diversity affected your professional life? How will diversity affect you in the future? What concerns, hopes and fears do you have about diversity? What can the college do to address diversity issues and opportunities? They used those questions to make a self-administered questionnaire geared towards finding faculty’s beliefs and attitudes concerning diversity in several areas. Two demographic questions were also included, one dealing with status and one dealing with tenure. The findings of Hon et al. (1999) were that most of the faculty thought diversity had minimal if any affect. Most of the faculty responded that they did not believe diversity would have any impact on them in the future. The majority of faculty indicated concerns, instead of hopes, about diversity. Several of the concerns expressed were worries about political correctness and hiring to fill quotas. Most of the responses about the role of administration to address diversity issues were negative. The wording of the question elicited negative responses about administration in general. Future studies could benefit from rewording the question. However, the most important findings concerned the faculty’s preferred definition of diversity. Responses suggested that faculty had different opinions about what made up a diverse faculty on top of the standard race,